{"id":8590,"date":"2026-08-19T21:06:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-20T04:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tehranbureau.com\/?p=8590"},"modified":"2026-08-19T21:06:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-20T04:06:34","slug":"classroom-struggle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resanegar.com\/en\/classroom-struggle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Classroom Struggle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-central-palette-1-color has-text-color has-link-color has-medium-font-size wp-elements-1 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Iran\u2019s female teachers push for change amid leadership gaps and economic strain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women dominate the country\u2019s education sector in terms of numbers, but only make up a tiny percentage of its management. Working in a highly politicized atmosphere, they are under constant pressure to deliver the Islamic republic\u2019s prescribed curriculum. Most face precarious employment conditions and economic uncertainty. Galvanized by the 2022 uprising and growing economic pressure, grassroots activism is gaining traction among female teachers, despite oppressive work conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/20513083\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/20513083\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\"><\/noscript><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Iran\u2019s educational system employed 534,941 teachers in 2021, reflecting a significant decline from 2013, when the total number of teachers was reported as 897,000. Women made up 60% of this workforce\u2014approximately 320,965 educators, according to Ministry of Education <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tasnimnews.com\/fa\/news\/1400\/11\/21\/2660481\/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1357-%D8%AA%D8%A7-1400-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1\">statements<\/a> to the state media. These women have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asriran.com\/fa\/news\/745079\/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF\">reportedly<\/a> been vital to educating over 9.3 million students out of 15.9 million across 113,174 schools nationwide.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite this dominance in teaching roles, women face systemic challenges, including underrepresentation in leadership and inequities in working conditions. <strong>Women held only 7% of managerial roles in the education sector<\/strong> in 2017, despite comprising the majority of the teaching <a href=\"https:\/\/www.asriran.com\/fa\/news\/745079\/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF\">workforce<\/a>, according to Asr Iran news site.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTeachers in cities like Tehran are more likely to have access to leadership roles because of better resources and more progressive policies,\u201d said Soran Lotfi, former spokesperson for the Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers\u2019 Associations. \u201cHowever, women in rural areas, such as Sistan and Baluchestan, face a unique set of challenges. These women not only have fewer resources but also encounter significant cultural barriers that limit their opportunities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/20540869\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/20540869\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\"><\/noscript><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to leadership barriers, women face gender-specific legal challenges. Article 18 of the Civil Service Management Law grants family-related benefits primarily to men, offering them to women only in limited circumstances, such as being heads of households or having disabled spouses. This exclusion unjustly denies many women critical support and entrenches workplace inequality, Lotfi noted.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The \u201clower tier\u201d in higher education<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Iran\u2019s higher education system, women are still significantly underrepresented in faculty positions, despite their overrepresentation in classrooms. In the 2020\u201321 academic year, women made up only 27.6% of the total faculty, with 24,015 female faculty members out of 86,889, <a href=\"https:\/\/irphe.ac.ir\/content\/4920\/140211231\">according to<\/a> the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This stark gender gap in academic staff is particularly concerning when compared to the significant presence of women in the classroom. While the regime has promoted these figures as a success of the revolution\u2019s educational policies, the reality is that most women remain confined to lower-tier academic positions, with limited access to leadership roles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recent reports suggest a slight increase in women\u2019s participation. Women now comprise 30% of faculty members as of 2022\u201323, according to a state news report <a href=\"https:\/\/www.irna.ir\/news\/85505415\/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%B7%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DB%B5%DB%B0-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF\">quoting<\/a> Ali-Baqer Taheri-Nia, Deputy Minister of Science, Research, and Technology. Out of 79,101 full-time faculty members, 54% are assistant professors, 20% are associate professors, and 9% are full professors.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Taheri-Nia, a conservative figure closely aligned with the ideological framework of the Islamic Republic, often promotes such figures as evidence of the system\u2019s commitment to advancing women\u2019s roles within the confines of its gendered policies. His statements, however, are part of a broader political agenda that seeks to showcase incremental gains as ideological victories while masking systemic barriers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The systemic exclusion of women from decision-making positions is starkly evident, said Satar Rahmani, a labor rights activist and education researcher with the International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran (IASWI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Iran, according to available data, women make up 15.8% of full-time faculty members with doctoral degrees at universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. However, only 3.8% of these women have achieved the rank of full professor, representing just 5.8% of all full professors nationwide.<span id='alefba-footnote-1-8590' class='alefba-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='alefba-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/resanegar.com\/en\/classroom-struggle\/#alefba-footnote-bottom-1-8590' title='Ebrahimpour, S. (2017). Narrative of Women\u2019s Experiences in Promotion to Professorship at Universities of Iran. Social Welfare Quarterly, 17(66), 53-106.\n'><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This marginalization extends beyond academia. Women <a href=\"https:\/\/torsisnameh.ir\/post\/199\/%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C\">comprise<\/a> over 60% of university admissions, according to Torsihnameh.ir, but their representation in leadership roles\u2014such as university presidencies and heads of scientific institutions\u2014remains negligible. Within the education system, where women dominate classrooms, high-level management positions are similarly out of reach. These figures expose a system that stifles women\u2019s potential, relegating them to the margins of influence despite their overwhelming contributions.Despite holding doctorates, many women are forced into teaching lower-level schools, struggling to secure jobs far below their qualifications. This is partly caused by gender bias in labor laws: Women\u2019s quotas in employment have been reduced, often restricting them to roles in care, nursing, education, and service industries. Low wages, a consequence of these policies, often forces women to take second jobs to survive, Rahmani <a href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/Baktash_Abtin\/30167\">said<\/a>, while overcrowded classrooms and mandatory hijab policies further hinder their professional efforts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Profit-driven education<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Tehran Bureau\u2019s previous <a href=\"https:\/\/tehranbureau.com\/iran-nursing-crisis\/\">reporting<\/a> on women working in the country\u2019s crumbling health sector has shown, Iran\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/tehranbureau.com\/the-making-of-a-shadow-economy\/\">opaque privatization<\/a> has been devastating for employees in sectors formally managed by the state, including educators. It has led to a significant shift in resources from public to private schools, with private school enrollment nearly tripling from 620,068 students in 1979 to 1,870,614 in 2021, according to Tasnim News.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"flourish-embed flourish-chart\" data-src=\"visualisation\/20510500\"><script src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/resources\/embed.js\"><\/script><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/public.flourish.studio\/visualisation\/20510500\/thumbnail\" width=\"100%\" alt=\"chart visualization\"><\/noscript><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This shift has been accompanied by the emergence of \u201cluxury\u201d schools, where tuition fees have soared to as high as 50 million toman\u00a0 ($713, at an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bonbast.com\/\">exchange rate<\/a> of 70,100 toman\/$1) per year as of July 2023. This is a significant sum when the average monthly income is around $300, highlighting the growing divide between private and public education access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Amid this transformation, one of the most pressing challenges is the precarization of teaching jobs. In 2020, more than 100,000 teachers in Iran found themselves working under non-appointed, insecure contracts, a 2017 study<span id='alefba-footnote-2-8590' class='alefba-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='alefba-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/resanegar.com\/en\/classroom-struggle\/#alefba-footnote-bottom-2-8590' title='Naghshband, A., &amp;amp; Yavand Taheri, M. (2017). The commodification of education in Iran and its impact on female teachers. Journal of Education and Labor Studies, 13(3), 293-309.'><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> has found, with women disproportionately affected by this trend. The proliferation of private schools has only intensified this issue, as women\u2014particularly those teaching humanities\u2014are more likely to be employed in private institutions, where job security is non-existent and benefits are minimal.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe government has minimized the conditions for official employment and uses contractual teaching staff or corporate forces,\u201d said Lotfi. The erosion of stable employment is compounded by a deeply entrenched gender disparity in leadership roles, which excludes female educators from positions of influence in the workforce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The challenges faced by female teachers extend far beyond their underrepresentation in leadership. They are also subjected to exploitative working conditions that reflect the very nature of a privatized, profit-driven education system. Female teachers, \u201cmore inclined to this type of job,\u201d are often forced to take positions with minimal income\u2014not out of desire, but out of necessity, driven by \u201cunemployment and poor livelihoods,\u201d said Lotfi.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many private schools, female educators face the dual burden of precarious employment and an environment of constant oversight where their teaching methods and content are strictly controlled. This increased monitoring contributes to a sense of alienation from the teaching profession, further distancing teachers from their role as agents of change and development, according to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dpublication.com\/abstract-of-3rd-rssconf\/2017-14\/\">2017 study<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Moreover, these teachers face a lack of support, especially those who are mothers. \u201cWomen should have access to child care facilities, such as on-site kindergartens,\u201d and be provided with special privileges to balance work and family responsibilities, said Lotfi. \u201cWe do not see such privileges in education.\u201d This only exacerbates the challenges female teachers face both economically and in terms of job security,\u201d Lotfi added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another consequence of privatization and underemployment is women\u2019s increasing reliance on private tutoring as a survival strategy. Many female educators, particularly those locked out of stable, formal employment, are forced to turn to private tutoring to make ends meet. Educated women are often left to navigate a fragmented, informal job market, tutoring in subjects like mathematics, English, and test preparation to make ends meet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Lotfi, the systemic failure to accommodate female educators in the formal job market \u201cstrips women of job security, silences their voices in leadership, and forces them into exploitative and informal avenues of work.\u201dThe result is a deeply flawed education system that undermines the potential of both educators and students, perpetuating a cycle of inequality that is difficult to break.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:48px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gaining traction: Teachers\u2019 unions and political activism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite myriad systemic obstacles, teachers\u2019 activism is a vital force for change in the educational sector, according to Lotfi. The Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers\u2019 Associations, which Lotfi helped lead, has been instrumental in organizing protests and advocating for better conditions for teachers\u2014particularly female teachers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe struggle for gender equality in education is not just about numbers,\u201d Lotfi explained. \u201cIt\u2019s about the policies that keep women out of leadership positions. Over the years, the teachers\u2019 movement has grown stronger, especially with the rise of social media. Women teachers are leading grassroots efforts, and the movement is gaining traction.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the most powerful examples of this growing activism occurred during the 2022 uprising, where women led the charge for social change, not only in the education sector but across Iranian society. Lotfi explained that while women have made strides in education, the broader societal movement, including the 2022 protests, underscored their growing political and social influence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite women dominating classrooms in Iran, entrenched patriarchy in society and governance limits their leadership opportunities. Soran Lotfi highlights a dual challenge: a \u201ctraditional and patriarchal view\u201d in society and an \u201cideological, patriarchal view\u201d in government.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Women rarely hold significant managerial roles, and those who do often perpetuate repression, with Lotfi noting, \u201cWomen who have achieved these management positions have suppressed women more than men.\u201d While systemic barriers persist, growing resilience fuels hope. As Lotfi observes, the government\u2019s fear of women reflects their rising potential, though significant societal and structural obstacles remain.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Iran\u2019s female teachers push for change amid leadership gaps and economic strain<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":8596,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17,16],"tags":[],"issue":[188],"article-type":[],"tb_section":[],"class_list":["post-8590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economy","category-featured","issue-women-in-business"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Classroom Struggle - \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631<\/title>\n<meta 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